Research led by scientists at the John Innes Centre has solved a long-standing mystery by deducing how and why strange yet colourful structures called ‘anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions’ occur in some plants.
Pansy petals, blueberries and autumn leaves all have something in common – their characteristic purple, blue and orange-red colours are all caused by the accumulation of pigment molecules called anthocyanins.
As well as contributing to a wide range of plant colours, the patterns and shading caused by anthocyanins can help to guide pollinators towards flowers, or animals towards fruits for seed dispersal. Anthocyanins also help to protect plants against the destructive photo-oxidative damage that can be caused by various stresses including high levels of ultraviolet light.
It has been known for some time that anthocyanins accumulate in the vacuoles of plant cells and, being soluble, they are usually uniformly distributed throughout the vacuole. However, previous research has also noted that, in some plants, distinct, densely coloured clusters of anthocyanins can form within the vacuoles.
Until now, it was not known how these unusual ‘anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions’ (AVIs) formed – or indeed why. However, a study led by the John Innes Centre’s Professor Cathie Martin and published in the journal Current Biology, reveals new understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the formation of AVIs.
Several other John Innes Centre researchers were also involved in the research, along with international collaborators from China, New Zealand and Norway.
The tobacco plant (Nicotiana tabacum), which is commonly used as a model organism in plant research, does not normally produce high levels of anthocyanins. However, by genetically modifying tobacco plants to produce proteins from the magenta-coloured snapdragon flower, the team observed the formation of the vacuole-soluble form of anthocyanins.
The study’s first author, Dr Kalyani Kallam of the John Innes Centre, said:
“By crossing our soluble anthocyanin-producing tobacco plants with genetically modified lines expressing proteins from plants that modify anthocyanins we generated progeny tobacco plants that formed AVIs. By experimenting with different genes and conditions, we could work out the chemical steps involved in forming AVIs. Furthermore, we deduced that AVIs are not bound by a membrane, they are formed when anthocyanins precipitate out of solution in the vacuole, and this is dependent upon pH.”
Professor Cathie Martin said:
“In many plants, the formation of AVIs is most likely an unavoidable chemical behaviour of specific anthocyanins under certain conditions. However, in some plants – like Lisianthus (also known as Prarie Gentian), which has a very darkly pigmented central region in its flower petals – AVIs may help to increase the intensity of pigmentation to help attract pollinators or seed dispersers.”
This research was supported by the European Union FP6 FLORA project, the European Union FP7 ATHENA collaborative project, the ERA-NET Industrial Biotechnology project, a Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship and the Institute Strategic funding from the BBSRC.
The picture shows AVIs in delphinium as drawn by Hans Molish (1905)
